The mucosal route has becoming a better alternative for vaccination delivery system since most of the bacteria need to adhere to the mucosal surface prior to the colonization and disease development. Pneumonic pasteurellosis and haemorrhagic septicaemia had been used as disease model in studying the potential
of mucosal immune responses toward protection against the disease. The causative antigens are known to be part of normal flora at the upper respiratory tract of ruminant, but become pathogenic when the animals are in stress condition and compromised the infection. The vaccines were delivered onto the mucosal membrane surfaces through the intranasal route of delivery and induce immune responses locally and systematically. They also induced immune responses to the other effector sites that are connected through the common mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. The mucosal route of delivery is suitable for herd health vaccination program for livestock due to its rapid delivery, time saving, feasibility, and reduced stress in animals as well as the technician without any needs for special training. The mucosal membrane surfaces is also suitable to induce innate immune responses in lower taxonomy ranks of animal such as fsh and mussels with short duration of protection. These fndings are important in development of protocol for other diseases in aquatic animals as well.

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